Chemical composition of Ambrette Essential Oil

Chemical composition of Ambrette Essential Oil Chemical composition of the essential oil of ambrette (Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.) from subtropical region of north India Ram S. Verma*, Rajendra C. Padalia, Amit Chauhan ABSTRACT Abelmoschus moschatus (Family: Malvaceae), popularly known as ambrette or muskdana, is an important aromatic and medicinal plant of India. The plant is widely cultivated in tropical countries for their musk-scented seeds useful in perfumery and medicine. In this study, hydrodistilled ambrette seed essential oil produced in subtropical region of north India was investigated using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 27 constituents, representing 90.4% of the total oil composition were identified. Major constituents of the oil were (2E,6E)-farnesyl acetate (58.0%), (Z)-oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one (12.1%), decyl acetate (4.8%), (2Z,6E)-farnesyl acetate (3.5%), (Z)-oxacyclopentadec-6-en-2-one (2.4%), dodecyl acetate (2.4%) and (2E,6Z)-farnesol (2.0%). Ambrettolide and its homologues, responsible for the characteristic musk-like odour, constitute 15.8% of oil composition. Keywords: Abelmoschus moschatus, Malvaceae, ambrette seed, essential oil, (2E,6E)-farnesyl acetate 1. Introduction Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. (syn. Hibiscus abelmoschus (L.), commonly known as ambrette, is native to India (1). It is cultivated in tropical regions of Asia, Africa and South America for their seeds. The seeds have been used as tonic, stimulant, carminative, diuretic, demulcent, and for stomachic property (2). The essential oil obtained by steam-distillation of ambrette seeds is a valuable material known for a rich, sweet, floral-musky, distinctly wine-like or brandy-like odor, which finds application in flavour and fragrance formulations (3). Moreover, the seed essential oil is used as anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antispasmodic drug. It is indicated against cramps and bowel disorders and also useful in the itching caused by insect bites. The leaves and the fruits of the plant are consumed in soups and the seeds are used as a spice (4). In addition to this, A. moschatus shows good antioxidant, antiproliferative and antimicrobial activities (5). The plant has been classified as â€Å"an herb of undefined safety† by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the extracts are classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for their use in baked foods, candies, and alcoholic beverages (6). The chemical composition of essential oil and extracts of ambrette seed have been reported from different countries (7-16). The ambrette seed oil has a much smoother odor than synthetic musk compounds, and the major compounds responsible for the characteristic musky odor include ambrettolide: (Z)-7-hexadecen-16-olide and (Z)-5-tetradecen-14-olide (17). Despite a long history of uses in traditional medicines and in perfumery, information on A. moschatus from subtropical region of India is meager. Therefore, in this study, volatile oil composition of the ambrette seed grown in north India (subtropical condition) has been investigated. 2. Experimental 2.1. Plant material and isolation of essential oil The ambrette seeds were collected from experimental field of CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) in the month of December (2009–2011). The experimental site is located between coordinates 29.02 °N, 79.31 °E and an altitude of 243 m in foothills of north India. Isolation of the essential oil from ambrette seeds was carried out by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger’s type apparatus for 5 hours. Isolated oil was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and stored at 4 °C until further analyses. 2.2. GC and GC-MS analyses GC analysis of the essential oil was carried out on a Nucon gas chromatograph model 5765 equipped with DB-5 capillary column (30 m Ãâ€" 0.25 mm internal diameter, film thickness 0.25  µm) and flame ionization detector (FID). The oven column temperature ranged from 60–230  °C, programmed at 3  °C/min, using H2 as carrier gas at 1.0 mL/min, a split ratio of 1:35, an injection size of 0.03  µL neat, and injector and detector temperatures were 220  °C and 230  °C, respectively for Nucon gas chromatograph model 5765. GC/MS analysis of the essential oil sample was carried out on a Clarus 680 GC interfaced with a Clarus SQ 8C mass spectrometer of PerkinElmer fitted with Elite-5 MS fused-silica capillary column (30 m Ãâ€" 0.25 mm i.d., film thickness 0.25  µm). The oven temperature program was from 60–240  °C, at 3  °C/min, and programmed to 270  °C at 5  °C /min; injector temperature was 250  °C; transfer line and source temperatures were 220  °C; i njection size 0.03  µL neat; split ratio 1:50; carrier gas He at 1.0 mL/min; ionization energy 70 eV; mass scan range 40-450 amu. Characterization was achieved on the basis of retention index (RI, determined using a homologous series of n-alkanes, C8-C30 hydrocarbons), mass spectra library search (NIST/EPA/NIH version 2.1 and Wiley registry of mass spectral data 7th edition) and by comparing the observed RI and mass spectral data with the literature (18,19). The relative amounts of individual components were calculated based on the relative % peak areas (FID response), without using a correction factor. 2.3. Statistical analysis To compare of the examined essential oil composition of ambrette seed from subtropics with the reported compositions from other regions, seven samples (1: present study and 2-7: other regions) (8,9,11,13,14) were treated as operational taxonomic units. The percentage of nine major components, representing composition up to 82.8-89.0% of ambrette essential oil (decyl acetate, dodecyl acetate, (E)-ÃŽ ²-farnesene, (Z)-oxacyclopentadec-6-en-2-one, (2Z,6E)-farnesyl acetate, (2E,6E)-farnesyl acetate, (2E,6E)-farnesol, (Z)-oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one, and (E)-2,3-dihydrofarnesyl acetate) were used to determine the chemical relationship among the different essential oil samples by hierarchical cluster analysis using the average method (20). This software computes the hierarchical clustering of a multivariate dataset based on dissimilarities. The derived dendrogram depicts the grouping of chemical compositions as per their chemical constituents. 3. Results and discussion The essential oil yield and chemical composition of ambrette seeds observed in subtropics, north India is presented in Table 1. The seeds gave 0.12  ± 0.01% (v/w) of essential oil on hydrodistillation. However, essential oil yield was 0.15–0.20% in ambrette seeds under eastern Indian conditions (12). The resulting essential oil was analysed using GC-FID and GC-MS techniques. Altogether, 27 constituents, representing 90.4% of the total oil composition were identified. Major constituents of the oil were (2E,6E)-farnesyl acetate (58.0%), (Z)-oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one (12.1%), decyl acetate (4.8%), (2Z,6E)-farnesyl acetate (3.5%), (Z)-oxacyclopentadec-6-en-2-one (2.4%), dodecyl acetate (2.4%), (2E,6Z)-farnesol (2.0%), (Z)-oxacyclononadec-10-en-2-one (1.3%) and (E)-nerolidol (0.7%). The essential oil composition of ambrette seed has been investigated earlier from different countries and mainly five types of compositions are described. Garnero and Buil (1978) identified (2E,6E)-farnesol (39.0%) and (E,E)-farnesyl acetate (35.4%) as the major constituents of ambrette seed oil (13). Dung et al (1999) reported two different compositions, viz. (E)-2,3-dihydrofarnesyl acetate (67.3%) type, and (E,E)-farnesyl acetate (35.5%) and (E)-2,3-dihydrofarnesyl acetate (32.9%) type for ambrette seed oil from Vietnamese (14). However, ambrette seed oils from Ecuador and China are reported to have (E,E)-farnesyl acetate (59.1% and 64.22%) and (Z)-oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one (7.8% and 14.9%) as major constituents (8,9). According to an earlier study from Odisha (eastern India), the main constituents of ambrette seed oil were (E,E)-farnesyl acetate (47.6%), (E)-ÃŽ ²-farnesene (9.6%) and (Z)-oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one (9.0%) (11). Moreover, to compare the examined essential oil com position with earlier reported compositions, the contents (%) of nine major components of different oils were subjected to the hierarchical cluster analysis. The derived dendrogram clearly demonstrate dissimilarity based on the percentages of the constituents present among the different compositions (Figure 1). Thus, composition of the examined oil from subtropical northern India was closer to the oil composition reported from Ecuador (8). However, it was rather different from China (9) and eastern Indian (11) ambrette seed oils due to the content (%) of other constituents, viz. (E)-ÃŽ ²-farnesene and decyl acetate. 4. Conclusions In conclusions, the chemical composition of ambrette seed oil produced in subtropics was rich in (E,E)-farnesyl acetate (58.0%), and ambrettolide and its homologues (15.8%). The ambrette seed oil has a promising value for fragrance and fixative purposes. Based on the results of this study, it can be said that ambrette can also produced good quality essential oil in the subtropical conditions of north India. Acknowledgements Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi is thankfully acknowledged for the financial support to carrying out the work (Project: BSC0203). Authors are also thankful to the Director, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for encouragement and the Central Chemical Facility (CSIR-CIMAP) for providing facility for GC and GC/MS analyses. References Anonymous, The wealth of India: Raw materials; National Institute of Science Communication, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research: New Delhi, Vol. 5, pp 75-77 (1959). R. Sharma and A. Shahzad, Thidiazuran (TDZ) induced regeneration from cotyledonary node explant of Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. L. (A valuable medicinal plant). World J. Agric. Sci., 4(4), 449-452 (2008). S. Arctander, Perfume and flavor materials of natural origin; Arctander: Elizabeth, NJ, pp 58-60 (1960). De La Ripelle, H. F. (2006). Les hiscus, tradition et modernite. Phytotherapie, 3,136–144. M.Z. Gul, L.M. Bhakshu, F. Ahmad, A.K. Kondapi, I.A. Qureshi and I.A. Ghazi, Evaluation of Abelmoschus moschatus extracts for antioxidant, free radical scavenging, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities using in vitro assays. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 11(64), 1-12 (2011). J.A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton Florida (1985). J.P. Buil, R. Laurent, J.P. Fournol, D. Joulain and P.Y. Hardy, Composition chimique de lhuile essentielle de graine dambrette. Parfums Cosmetiques Aromes, 10, 95-96 (1989). L. Cravo, F. Perineau, A. Gaset and J.M. Bessiere, Study of the chemical composition of the essential oil, oleoresin and its volatile product obtained from Ambrette (A. moschatus Moench) Seeds. Flav. Fragr. J., 7, 65-67 (1992). Y.J. Tang, T.S. Zhou, J.K. Ding and H.D. Sun, The chemical constituents of the essential oil from Ambrette seeds. Acta Bot. Yunnan, 12(1), 113-114 (1990). D.K. Mishra and S.N. Naik, Cultivation and processing of Abelmoschus moschatus. J. Med. Arom. Plant Sci., 22, 624-628 (2000). P.K. Rout, Y.R. Rao, K.S. Jena, D. Sahoo and B.C. Mishra, Extraction and composition of essential oil of ambrette (Abelmoschus moschatus) seeds. J. Essent. Oil Res., 16, 35-37 (2004). P. K. Rout, K. C. Barik, K. S. Jena, D.Sahoo, and Y. R. Rao. 2002. A novel process for the extraction of fragrance components from ambrette (Hibiscus abelmoschus L.) seeds. Organic Process Research Development 2002, 6, 401-404. J. Garnero and P. Buil, Contribution a letude de la composition cbimique de lbuile essentielle concrete de graines d ambrette. Rivista Ital. EPPOS, 60, 606-612 (1978). N.X. Dung, P.V. Khien, D.D. Nhuan, T.M. Hoi, N.K. Ban, P.A. Leclercq, A. Muselli, A. Bighelli and J. Casanova, Composition of the seed oil of Hibiscus abelmoschus L. (Malvaceae) growing in Vietnam. J. Essent. Oil Res., 11(4), 447-452 (1999). T. Bernard, F. Perineau, R. Bravo, M. Delmas and A. Gaset, Extraction des builes essentielles Etude de faisabilite conduite sur l’ambrette. Parfums. Cosmet. Aromes, 84, 77-84 (1988). Molfetta I, Ceccarini L, Macchia M, Flamini G, Cioni PL. 2013. Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. and Abelmoschus moschatus Medik: Seeds production and analysis of the volatile compounds. Food Chemistry 141, 34–40. B. Maurer and A. Grieder, (Z)-5-tetradecen-14-olide, a new macrocyclic lactone, and two unsaturated straight chain acetates from ambrette seed absolute. Helv. Chim. Acta, 60, 1155-1160 (1977). R.P. Adams, Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography /mass spectrometry. Allured Publishing Corp., Carol Stream, Illinois, USA (2007). http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-Z5-12Ac.php Wessa, P. (2013). Hierarchical clustering (v1.0.3) in free statistics software (v1.1.23-r7), office for research development and education. URL: http://www.wessa.net/ Table 1: Chemical composition of ambrette (Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.) seed essential oil from north India S. no. Compounda RIb RIc Content (%)d S. no. Compounda RIb RIc Content (%)d 1 ÃŽ ±-Pinene 933 932 0.1  ± 0.09 15 Decyl propanoate 1502 1501 0.2  ± 0.06 2 ÃŽ ²-Pinene 972 974 t 16 (E)-Nerolidol 1560 1562 0.7  ± 0.06 3 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one 978 981 0.1  ± 0.04 17 (Z)-5-Dodecenyl acetate 1588 1592* 0.5  ± 0.06 4 ÃŽ ±-Terpinene 1014 1014 t 18 Dodecyl acetate 1609 1607 2.4  ± 0.25 5 p-Cymene 1022 1020 0.2  ± 0.25 19 (2Z,6Z)-Farnesol 1696 1698 0.1  ± 0.00 6 Limonene 1026 1024 0.2  ± 0.16 20 (2E,6Z)-Farnesol 1713 1714 2.0  ± 0.93 7 1,8-Cineole 1028 1026 0.2  ± 0.21 21 (Z)-Oxacyclopentadec-6-en-2-one†  1719 2.4  ± 2.43 8 Linalool 1100 1095 0.4  ± 0.46 22 (2Z,6E)-Farnesyl acetate 1822 1821 3.5  ± 1.15 9 Camphor 1146 1141 t 23 (2E,6E)-Farnesyl acetate 1850 1845 58.0  ± 3.13 10 n-Decanol 1270 1266 0.3  ± 0.35 24 (2E,6E)-Farnesyl propanoate 1919 0.4  ± 0.17 11 Undecanal 1304 1305 t 25 (Z)-Oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one † Ã¢â‚¬   1928 1929 12.1  ± 4.88 12 Decyl acetate 1407 1407 4.8  ± 0.90 26 (Z)-Oxacyclononadec-10-en-2-one 2128 1.3  ± 0.79 13 (E)-ÃŽ ²-Farnesene 1458 1454 0.2  ± 0.33 27 Linoleic acid 2129 2132 t 14 10-Undecenol acetate 1499 1498 0.1  ± 0.10 Total identified (%) 90.4  ± 6.25 aMode of identification: retention index (RI), mass spectral data (GC–MS); RIb: Experimental Retention Index (relative to n-alkane); RIc: Retention Index from literature (18); dMean ( ± standard deviation) of three samples; † also known as (Z)-5-tetradecen-14-olide; † Ã¢â‚¬  also known as (Z)-7-hexadecen-16-olide (= musk ambrette); *KI: Kovat Index (19). Figure 1: Hierarchical cluster analysis of the essential oil compositions of ambrette (Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.) seed. 1: present study [(2E,6E)-farnesyl acetate (58.0%), (Z)-oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one (12.1%)]; 2: [(2E,6E)-farnesol (39.0%), (2E,6E)-farnesyl acetate (35.4%)] (Garnero and Buil, 1978); 3: China [(2E,6E)-farnesyl acetate (64.22%), (Z)-oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one (14.96%)] (Tang et al., 1990); 4: Ecuador [(2E,6E)-farnesyl acetate (59.1%), (Z)-oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one (7.8%)] (Cravo et al., 1992); 5: Vietnam [(E)-2,3-dihydrofarnesyl acetate (67.3%), (2E,6E)-farnesyl acetate (14.9%)] (Dung et al., 1999); 6: Vietnam [(2E,6E)-farnesyl acetate (35.5%), (E)-2,3-dihydrofarnesyl acetate (32.9%)] (Dung et al., 1999); 7: Eastern India [(2E,6E)-farnesyl acetate (47.6%), (E)-ÃŽ ²-farnesene (9.6%)] (Rout et al., 2004). 1

A Respectable Woman Essay

In A Respectable Woman Mrs Baroda follows the same course as Mildred in the beginning her interest in a man by feeling â€Å"piqued† at his lack of interest in her. The simple fact of the physical presence of the man is again what awakens the woman’s sexual interest as Gouvernail’s silences and indifference seem hardly designed to attract her. Again like Mildred Mrs Baroda is confused by the difference beetweeen the social role she expects her guers to play and Gouvernail’s actuality. Gouvernail does not register either Mrs Baroda’s indifference or her imposition of her presence upon him (other expression: G. does not respond to †¦ to do smth.) Without takinf any action or even engaging in the social niceties, both men are the unwitting instigators of dramatic developments in the self-knowledge of others; they are catalytic to momentous change in the lives of the women they encounter. Mrs Baroda becomes helpless in the face of her own physical desire; she resorts to flight and refuses to have any contact with G for more than a year. When in proximity to him she shas been consumed by the conflict arising from her struggle to keep hold on her identit as a â€Å"respectable woman† whilst attempting to control her newly awakened !physical being!. An ending to the story which would restore Mrs Baroda to her place as the embodiment of the title â€Å"A R W† is offered to the reader when the invitation to G is once again extended: â€Å"Ihave overcome everything† You will see. This time I shall be very nice to him†. What her husband taes as the overcoming of her dislike could also, of course, be the overcoming of her passion or, alternatively, the overcoming of the scruples which prevented her from pursuinf the attraction. The two latter interpretations hang suspended as possibilities above the story. However, whatever the reading of these lines , the fact remains that the intimacy of this married couple – evidenced by their informal sharing of the dressing-room, their liking for each other’s company, their â€Å"long, tender kiss! – has been and amy again be threatened. There is no certainty, no stabiklity, no emblem of a highly ordered society such as marriaag,e which is not susceptible to disruption by thedemands of physical desire. The story allows us to lift Mrs Baroda out of her closed reading as â€Å"A R W† ans to place her in an umber of alternative situations; the possibility exists for her to continuer as that woman or to use her reputation to conceal a quite different existence .We do not know what will happen but our reading of Mrs Baroda cane never be quite the same again because doubt has been planted by the ambiguous ending of the story and, having already witnessed both the power of feelings that shake her and her resolution to controla them, we are forces back into the body of the story in order to suspend judgement.

Conjugating German Modal Verbs Muessen, Sollen, Wollen

How do you conjugate the German modal verbs  mà ¼ssen, sollen, and  wollen? See the different tenses and sample modal sentences and idioms. Modalverben - Modal Verbs PRSENS(Present) PRTERITUM(Preterite/Past) PERFEKT(Pres. Perfect) Mssen - have to, must ich mussI must, have to ich mussteI had to ich habe gemusst *I had to du musstyou must, have to du musstestyou had to du hast gemusst *you had to er/sie musshe/she must er/sie musstehe/she had to er/sie hat gemusst *he/she had to wir/Sie/sie mssenwe/you/they have to wir/Sie/sie musstenwe/you/they had to wir/Sie/sie haben gemusst *we/you/they had to ihr msstyou (pl.) must ihr musstetyou (pl.) had to ihr habt gemusst *you (pl.) had to * In the present perfect or past perfect tense with another verb, the double infinitive construction is used, as in the following examples: ihr habt sprechen mà ¼ssen you (pl.) had to speak ich hatte sprechen mà ¼ssen I had had to speak The old spelling with ß, as in ich muß or gemußt, is no longer used for forms of mà ¼ssen. For all  modals  with umlauts, the simple past (preterite/Imperfekt) has no umlaut, but the subjunctive form always has an umlaut! Sample Sentences With Mà ¼ssen Present: Ich muss dort Deutsch sprechen. I have to speak German there.Past/Preterite: Er musste es nicht tun. He didnt have to do it.Pres. Perfect/Perfekt: Wir haben mit der Bahn fahren mà ¼ssen. We had to go by train.Future/Futur: Sie wird morgen abfahren mà ¼ssen. She will have to depart tomorrow.Subjunctive/Konjunktiv: Wenn ich mà ¼sste... If I had to... Sample Idiomatic Expressions Ich muss nach Hause. I have to go home.Muss das sein? Is that really necessary?So mà ¼sste es immer sein. Thats how it should be all the time.   Sollen - should, ought to, supposed to ich sollI should ich sollteI should have ich habe gesollt *I should have du sollstyou should du solltestyou should have du hast gesollt *you should have er/sie sollhe/she should er/sie solltehe/she should have er/sie hat gesollt *he/she should have wir/Sie/sie sollenwe/you/they should wir/Sie/sie solltenwe/you/they should have wir/Sie/sie haben gesollt *we/you/they should have ihr solltyou (pl.) should ihr solltetyou (pl.) should have ihr habt gesollt *you (pl.) should have * In the present perfect or past perfect tense with another verb, the double infinitive construction is used, as in the following examples: wir haben gehen sollen we should have gone ich hatte fahren sollen I had been supposed to drive Sample Sentences With Sollen Present: Er soll reich sein. Hes supposed to be rich. / Its said that hes rich.Past/Preterite: Er sollte gestern ankommen. He was supposed to arrive yesterday.Pres. Perfect/Perfekt: Du hast ihn anrufen sollen. You should have called him.Future (in sense of): Er soll das morgen haben. Hell have that tomorrow.Subjunctive/Konjunktiv: Das hà ¤ttest du nicht tun sollen. You shouldnt have done that.Subjunctive/Konjunktiv: Wenn ich sollte... If I should...Subjunctive/Konjunktiv: Sollte sie anrufen... If she should (happen to) call... Sample Idiomatic Expressions Das Buch soll sehr gut sein. The book is said to be very good.Du sollst damit sofort aufhà ¶ren! Youre to stop that right now!Was soll das (heißen)? Whats that supposed to mean? Whats the idea?Es soll nicht wieder vorkommen. It wont happen again.   Wollen - want to ich willI want to ich wollteI wanted to ich habe gewollt *I wanted to du willstyou want to du wolltestyou wanted to du hast gewollt *you wanted to er/sie willhe/she wants to er/sie wolltehe/she wanted to er/sie hat gewollt *he/she wanted to wir/Sie/sie wollenwe/you/they want to wir/Sie/sie wolltenwe/you/they wanted to wir/Sie/sie haben gewollt *we/you/they wanted to ihr wolltyou (pl.) want to ihr wolltetyou (pl.) wanted to ihr habt gewollt *you (pl.) wanted to * In the present perfect or past perfect tense with another verb, the double infinitive construction is used, as in the following examples: wir haben sprechen wollen we wanted to speak ich hatte gehen wollen I had wanted to go Sample Sentences With Wollen Present: Sie will nicht gehen. She doesnt want to go.Past/Preterite: Ich wollte das Buch lesen. I wanted to read the book.Pres. Perfect/Perfekt: Sie haben den Film immer sehen wollen. They have always wanted to see the movie.Past Perfect/Plusquamperfekt: Wir hatten den Film immer sehen wollen. We had always wanted to see the movie.Future/Futur: Er wird gehen wollen. He will want to go.Subjunctive/Konjunktiv: Wenn ich wollte... If I wanted to... Sample Idiomatic Expressions Das will nicht viel sagen. Thats of little consequence. That doesnt mean much.Er will es nicht gesehen haben. He claims not to have seen it.Das hat er nicht gewollt. Thats not what he intended. See the conjugation of the other three German modal verbs  dà ¼rfen, kà ¶nnen, and mà ¶gen.

My Experiences In Education Throughout My Life Have Greatly

My experiences in education throughout my life have greatly influenced me in my decision to go into the education field. I have had many positive influences in my life that have helped create my desire to help shape young minds. I have seen what a difference teachers can make, and having the opportunity to be the person who makes that difference is so rewarding. I have also seen some of the challenges that come with the teaching profession. My past, present, and future in education have all affected and will continue to affect me as I progress further along this path. My past experiences in education has greatly shaped my view of the teaching profession. I have had many influential teachers and teacher figures in my life that have†¦show more content†¦At DCS, I met several of the teachers that influenced me. One of them was my science teacher, Mrs. McKimmey. She guided me and inspired me in many ways. I really struggled with science, but she always did whatever she could to help me succeed. She modeled to me what a good teacher looks like. All the students felt that she was someone to go to for guidance or advice. I saw what an influence teachers could have on students through her example. Through DCS, I received an amazing opportunity that really helped lead me to the path of teaching. They offered a program called Student Aid. During my senior year, I participated in this program. For two hours, every day I was able to go into the kindergarten classroom and assist the teacher. I got to lead small group activities, read with the children, work with those who were struggling, and really see what goes on behind the scenes. This experience was one of the biggest influences as far as my decision to become a teacher. I found how rewarding it can be to work with children and have an influence in their lives. 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The War between Fox News Channel and Obama Free Essays

The war between Fox News Channel and Obama began when Obama’s administration fired back against Fox, saying that Fox is ‘biased’ and not a ‘real news station’. Rahm Emanuel, the chief staff of president Obama said, â€Å"It is not a news organization so much as it has a perspective†. This dispute sparked controversial arguments from the public regarding the president’s decision to attack Fox channel. We will write a custom essay sample on The War between Fox News Channel and Obama or any similar topic only for you Order Now This also brings our attention to the news reporting channels like Fox and MSNBC. Are they really reliable? Are they ‘reporting’ the news, or simply giving their biased opinions? First of all, I do not think it is a good move for Obama and the White House to attack Fox news. For a president to attack a cable network is a very odd move to make because they are at a different status and levels in our society. Even though Obama’s claims might be true, I still feel that it is a bit arrogant to attack a person or organization that does not hold as much power as you. Furthermore, Obama is actually helping Fox’s ratings go up. Fox is receiving free publicity because the famous saying, ‘any publicity is good publicity’ is true. The public quarrel between Fox and the president brings up another concern and issue in journalism: the accuracy and quality of news reporting. Since I only moved to Boston a few months ago, I am not very familiar with the US news channels. I decided to compare Fox and MSNBC to see which network is less opinionated and biased. After a bit of research, I discovered that Fox is more conservative, and MSNBC is more liberal, however, both networks offer news and commentary. Their news stories are all very opinionated and their opinions are often influenced by their beliefs and values. This type of reporting is not ‘true’ reporting. Hopefully, people watch the Fox to be entertained, rather to be informed. True journalism should report both sides of the story, allowing readers themselves to feel what is right and what is wrong. Journalism should be a report of unbiased facts. Fox, MSNBC, and many other news networks will continue to be biased and opinionated in their news reports. What we can do as viewers, in attempt to avoid media bias, is to branch out and listen to a variety of news outlets, to learn to be well rounded in where we get our news. How to cite The War between Fox News Channel and Obama, Essays

Role of ICT in Elevating Poverty-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Role of ICT in elevating poverty amongst the youth in a rura or township community in Australia. Answer: Research Title Role of Information and Communications Technology in elevating poverty amongst the youth in a rural or township community in Australia Brief statement of the problem Australia is still suffering from serious poverty as well as unemployment with around 30% of the employed workforce (Xing, Ness Lin, 2013). More than 36% of the total population is still living under the poverty line. The government of Australia is failing to create new job opportunities because of increased population. After looking at the statistics, it is known that Australian economy has achieved satisfactory growth in the recent years as well as standard of living as compared to other nations. In short, it is all about rich getting more rich and poor becoming poorer. To that, it is noted that there are different ways that can be used for elevating poverty as well as minimizing income inequality. The main objective of the research study is to highlight how far ICTs can be utilized by the young generation as an additional source of income in a rural or township community (Walker McLean, 2013). In addition, the present research will assume the situation that ICTs is one of the effective strategies that is used for elevating poverty in Australia in rural and township communities. Furthermore, ICTs help rural and community township because it is one of the essential form to explore how its implication can elevate the poverty related issues such as lack of assets, income inequality, social exclusion, vulnerability and powerlessness. Therefore, the present research study will be highlighting the challenges that restrict Australian rural and township communities for facilitating sustainable ICT infrastructure (Xing, Ness Lin, 2013). The present research study highlights the most suitable research design as well as methodology that will be carried out by the researcher in an effect ive way. Gap in the literature study The research topic is controversial and cannot be fully proven that ICT is the only way to eradicate poverty in Australia. There can be other ways as well for reducing the level of poverty in Australia. There is gap present in the present literature study that can be solved or taken care off in the future research. In this study, proper emphasis has been given on use ICT to minimize poverty in and across Australia. It is because ICT provide means for cultural communities for strengthening the cultural ties. Internet is a means to unite more than 5 million Assyrians who are scattered all over United States, Europe and Australia. Research aims and objectives Aim In this research study, the main aim is to conduct primary research for understanding the implementation of ICT as it is the best way to elevate poverty amongst the younger population in a rural and township community in Australia. It is also important to highlight the potential challenges that actually interrupt implementation of ICT (Vichie, 2017). Objectives To define various aspects of poverty by using the context of the youth in a rural or township community in Australia To highlight various aspects of Information and Communication Technologies (Walker McLean, 2013) To elucidate the role of ICT implementation for reducing level of poverty among the youth population in a rural or township community in Australia (Rahman, 2013). To understand the key challenges of implementing ICT in a rural or township community in Australia To suggest probable recommendations for reducing the identified challenges in the present research study (Lessem Schieffer, 2015) Research Methodology Research Type Primary research will be conducted by the researcher to find out the role of ICT in elevating poverty among youth population in a rural or township community in Australia (Xing, Ness Lin, 2013). Research Onion Figure: Research Onion (Source: Masron, Masami Ismail, 2013). Research Design The researcher will be using primary research methods that are purely based on mixed method that include both quantitative and qualitative research design (Xing, Ness Lin, 2013). As far as quantitative research is concerned, it helps in understanding the relationships after describing the cause and effect relationships (Walker McLean, 2013). In addition, researcher will be investigating the relationship between Information and Communications Technologies and poverty reduction. The researcher will be using quantitative data such as surveying people that live in poverty in and across Australia. The researcher will be using cross-sectional research that help in collecting data on the entire study population at a particular point of time for observing the relationship between ICT implementation as well as poverty reduction at the same time. Furthermore, cross-functional research design will be used by the researcher because of limited time and limited budget (Lessem Schieffer, 2015). As far as qualitative research is concerned, it act as a systematic subjective as it is used for explaining life experiences and different connotation (Walker McLean, 2013). Furthermore, the researcher will be gathering qualitative data by interviewing the personnel of Independent Communications Authority of Australia who are responsible for regulating both telecommunications as well as broadcasting sectors in Australia. The researcher will be using case study method for gathering qualitative data from observations, reports and documents (Lessem Schieffer, 2015). Therefore, the researcher will be using mixed methods by utilizing multiple ways for solving the research problem. In addition, the researcher will be implementing Sequential Explanatory strategy (Xing, Ness Lin, 2013). Research Philosophy The researcher will be using Interpretivism research philosophy as it mainly deals with understanding the meaning as well as implementing multiple methods for reflecting upon vital issues (Walker McLean, 2013). In addition, the research study will be dealing with application of mixed method that help in investigating various aspects in association with poverty with Information and Communications Technologies. Researcher will be collecting primary data after generating through Interpretivism philosophy for enhancing the validity of the research. Therefore, the researcher outcomes need to be observable as well as quantifiable in the most appropriate way (Lessem Schieffer, 2015). Research Approach The researcher will be using deductive approach over inductive approach. The current research study mainly focuses on investigating whether the known concepts related to research topic is valid or not. The researcher will be creating hypothesis for highlighting the identified concepts as well as testing the validity and comparing it with the primary data (Walker McLean, 2013). Sampling methodology Population (Quantitative) Younger population aged between 15 to 34 years who live in poverty around Australia will be surveyed by using online survey websites (Xing, Ness Lin, 2013). Population (Qualitative) Independent Communications Authority of Australia personnel will be interviewed either face-to-face or telephonic interview (Walker McLean, 2013). Other qualitative information will be collected from reputed journal database as well as government reports on poverty and Information and Communications Technology. Sampling technique Random sampling technique will be used by the researcher for selecting the youth who live in poverty in Australia. Convenient sampling will be used by the researcher for selecting the Independent Communications Authority of Australia personnel (Xing, Ness Lin, 2013). Proposed timetable RESEARCH PROPOSAL (PROPOSED TIMETABLE) ORDER RESEARCH ACTIVITIES START END 1 Research Topic Selection 03/05/2017 2 Developing Research Plan 3 Literature Review 4 Research Design 5 Research Methodology 6 Primary Data Collection 7 Findings and Analysis Of Secondary Data 8 Constructive Argument 9 Initial Draft 10 Conclusion And Recommendation 11 Final Submission 31/07/2017 Reference List Lessem, R., Schieffer, A. (2015).Integral Renewal: A Relational and Renewal Perspective. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Masron, T., Masami, F., Ismail, N. (2013). Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia: Population, spatial distribution and socio-economic condition.J Ritsumeikan Soc Sci Humanit,6, 75-115. Rahman, H. (2013). Capacity development initiatives for grass roots communities: Two cases. InCases on progressions and challenges in ICT utilization for citizen-centric governance(pp. 69-104). IGI Global. Vichie, K. (2017). Higher education and digital media in rural Australia: The current situation for youth.Australian and International Journal of Rural Education,27(1), 29-42. Walker, M., McLean, M. (2013).Professional education, capabilities and the public good: The role of universities in promoting human development. Routledge. Xing, K., Ness, D., Lin, F. R. (2013). A service innovation model for synergistic community transformation: integrated application of systems theory and product-service systems.Journal of Cleaner Production,43, 93-102.